A B S T R A C T Transformations such as globalization, the contiguity of geographical spaces, as well as developments in the field of military technologies have transformed the issue of defense as the main factor for the survival of countries. Because the transformation from hard to soft war and then the smart war in recent decades has changed the approaches to defense. These transformations have led to the development of discussions about defense purposes. Meanwhile, Middle East countries have a prominent position and importance in terms of defense due to their special conditions. This article has tried to investigate the basic dimensions affecting the defense of foreign countries with descriptive and analytical methods, using library and field findings and Smart-PLS software. The results of the current research show that the effective components in the current research include 130 items that are placed in the form of 15 dimensions. The importance of these dimensions in defense of the Middle East countries is, respectively, geopolitical dimension with a 0.43 score, military dimension with a 0.41 score, economic dimension with a 0.41 score, political dimension with a 0.39 score, hydrology dimension with a 0.34 score, security dimension with a 0.32 score, social dimension with a 0.29 score, demographic dimension with a 0.28 score, cultural dimension with a 0.26 score, scientific-health dimension with a 0.25 score, geomorphological dimension with a 0.25 score, mathematical dimension with a 0.2 score, climatic dimension with a 0.2 score, biological dimension with a 0.2 score and soil dimension with a 0.18 score. Extended Abstract Introduction Security and defense are among the most vital issues for the preservation and survival of countries. In fact, defense and military affairs are necessary for countries' independence and political, cultural and economic development. Among them, geography and political geography are prominent fields that directly affect defense issues. Actions taken by a country in dimensions (political, military, economic, etc.) in order to maintain security and territorial integrity, guarantee independence and protection of its people against any enemy attack, will organize the geographical (spatial) environment, wise and appropriate distribution of critical places and sensitive centers and infrastructures are identified by taking into account the threats and the correct use of environmental capacities in political, economic, social, cultural, etc. dimensions, and as a result, it can lead to stability and stability in the country's geographical space. The design of defense planning model according to the economic, cultural, political and environmental features in the new era when countries are facing external and internal threats as a sub-branch of territorial planning has received the attention and importance of officials and governance systems in order to be able to reduce these threats with accurate and systematic planning in the geographical space, defense planning is not separate from the flow of national and regional planning. It is important to pay attention to it based on the type and amount of external and internal threats to governance. Due to the expansion of the security circle, the government is not only responsible for creating military security. However, it must also exercise part of its authority in the direction of territorial management. On the other hand, there has been a transformation in the form of threats and wars based on changes and the movement from hard to soft war and finally, smart war is the basis for reviewing and recognizing the components that can be used in defense of countries, including the Middle East countries, have a prominent position and importance. Despite the internal differences between countries, the Middle East has commonalities and connections that can directly affect the overall defense of this geographical space.   Methodology In terms of type and purpose, the current research is fundamentally applied. Also, it is descriptive and analytical in terms of nature. This research, in addition to the correct and realistic depiction of the defense situation of the Middle East countries, it is tried to provide a suitable model for the defense of the countries. The sources used in the current research are library and field sources (questionnaires). According to the subject of the current research, the statistical population of this research is a collection of people, experts and elites who have sufficient knowledge, experience and expertise regarding the research topic, which is the design of the defense model, according to the nature of the Delphi pattern model, at least the statistical population based on the sources should be between twenty and fifty people to reach statistical saturation. The number of selected samples included 51 people who were identified in the form of a non-random sampling pattern and introduced as a statistical sample in the framework of the Delphi model. Due to the qualitative nature of this research, it has been tried to use the Delphi model in the framework of the targeted non-random model. Therefore, based on these cases, the current research has selected the maximum statistical population of 51 elites, experts, and opinionated people in this field. In this research, to evaluate the research hypotheses in the form of the hardness equations model, the partial least squares method and the SMART-PLS software, which is a variance-based path modeling technique and provides the possibility of checking the theory and metrics simultaneously, have been exerted.   Results and discussion In this research, approaches such as political, military, cultural, etc., in the field of land use have been discussed. In the meantime, the defense of countries as an emerging approach is significant. According to the developments in geographical spaces, such as the evolution of military-defense technologies, the connection of geographical spaces to each other and most importantly, the movement from hard and soft war to smart war has witnessed a transformation and wide attention in a way that countries are suited to these developments are trying to prepare the geographical space of their country in terms of defense. Therefore, the defense planning of the Middle East countries as a geographical region has great importance from a geopolitical and strategic point of view, which indicates that the countries of this region face threats and complex defense-security issues in different ways.   Conclusion The results of the present research show that the defense planning in developing countries should be considered according to their characteristics, considering all 15 dimensions, which include 130 components. In the design of the defense planning of these countries, attention should be paid to the weight and importance of the shaping dimensions. In general, it can be said that the defense planning of the Middle East countries is proportional to the geographical features of these countries and on the other hand, considering the developments in the field of threats and moving from hard to smart war, 15 dimensions should be considered for the defense of these countries.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The complete ineffectiveness of weapons against enemy attacks led to the creation of a passive defense approach. On the other hand, the close relationship between the environment and users caused the rapid deterioration of the passive defense approach to environmental issues even though many studies in this field have dealt with the principles of architectural design, buildings with a high importance factor. To the extent that there is a lack of attention to landscape design in the national building regulations, the area design has been neglected in a brief section. In this case, landscape architecture can be practical support in passive defense, reduce injuries, and support users when accidents occur. This article assumes that landscape architecture can be the savior of architecture and urban planning with a passive defense approach. In other words, using the principles of passive defense in landscape design is one of the measures that can be used at different levels, from planning to design, to reduce the severity and extent of risks caused by natural and unnatural risks. Nevertheless, most of the studies in this field are dedicated to architecture and urban planning, and practical solutions in applying the passive defense approach have been neglected. Based on this, the current research is of applied type, with a qualitative approach, and based on the case study and logical reasoning research method to answer the question: "How landscape as architecture can save the built environment? " has been written. The results demonstrated that the principles of defensive landscape design could be explained in two macro dimensions (spatial scale, uses, diversity of spatial qualities, placement, and positioning) and micro dimensions (artificial elements-furniture, material, natural landscape elements).

Aims: Nowadays more than ever, the vocabulary of “ defense architecture” is going to be a popular term in academic and professional era. It is the “ passive defense” terminology which is going to be an acquainted phenomenon in academic atmosphere. This manuscript is going to explain the general framework of defense architecture through its roots in the “ Islamic principles” , the “ Shiite acclaimed jurisprudents” and the holy “ Quran” . Instruments & Methods: The emancipatory paradigm is selected to fulfill the research besides logical argumentation research strategy, descriptive research method, comparative research technics, and interpretive tactics to understand deep meaning of the holy Quran. Findings: The results show that “ defense architecture” and “ passive defense” enjoy a deep root in the “ Islamic principles” , the “ Shiite acclaimed jurisprudents” and the holy “ Quran” . Conclusion: The results might be concluded in a leading phenomenon that might be summarized in the scientific term of “ defense architecture” under the umbrella of “ passive defense” . The Islamic principles, the Shiite acclaimed jurisprudents and the holy Quran emphasize on a conceptual framework to understand defense architecture. The most outcomes might be summarized in: 1-Interaction of “ Islamic architecture” and defense architecture, 2-The committed architects have to fulfill their obligations and respect defense architecture and passive defense guidelines, 3-Respect architecture mission to prepare a secure and healthy shelter for mankind, 4-The necessity of holistic perspective and multi-objective approach.

The aim of the present research is to prepare a conceptual framework for traditional defensive architecture of Tabriz in historical stages of restorations in destructive earthquake of 1779. After the earthquake, the anatomic totality of the city was destructed and the city lost most of its population and the life system was plagued in individual and collective scale wich is highlighted in this study. The native managing system was able to create a capable defense mechanism in order to protect the affected people harmed ones who wanted to continue life. In this circumstance safety management had turned to an important element in crisis management system. Although, the limitations raised by the crisis, had made the decision making difficult, however native management was able to take effective actions for the aim of according to the defense through recognizing, ordering and directing the financial and moral abilities in the environment. The importance of research subject is to understand how the new bulwark of the city was built in a condition that all known norms of the city had vanished. The present research is qualitative and is done in historical-interpretive method that attempts to respond following questions: A. What was the reason for necessity of planning and building the new bulwark. B. What were the principles of planning new bulwark?

A study of the Safavid history shows that security can be a factor in the emergence of political authority and can directly affect trade and the economy. The concept of defense is of two types, active defense and passive defense. Although both have the same goals, their methods are very different. The purpose of this study is to study the caravanserais of the Safavid period from the perspective of passive defense. The study adopts a positivist approach to the subject in terms of research methodology, and, in terms of the purpose, it is based on comparative descriptions. The variables obtained based on documentary studies are the geographical location and importance of the roads, the plan forms (including rectangular and polygonal courtyards and introverted and extroverted roofed spaces), elements related to passive defense (including number of entrances, guard rooms and watchtowers) and physical analysis (including depth of access to rooms and the number of spatial layers). These variables focus on passive security and defense. Totally, 43 Safavid caravanserais are classified into four groups (rectangular with a courtyard, polygon with a courtyard, roofed introverted and roofed extroverted spaces), and the principles of passive defense are examined in them. The results show that rectangular and polygonal courtyard caravanserais as well as introverted indoor caravanserais have many similarities in terms of using physical elements for security. Extroverted indoor caravanserais, on the other hand, have different characteristics from other the types. In fact, the study shows that, mainly in areas where the natural elements of passive defense (such as mountains and rivers) do not exist and (for various reasons) agent defense is not justified or impossible, the architect has tried to provide most of the physical elements of security and passive defense against possible attacks by reducing entrances, creating a guard rooms and watchtowers, and increasing the depth of access and the number of layers of space as much as possible. In addition, the strategic position of the Persian Gulf coastal roads and the important role of these trade routes at the level of trade and economy of the country have made it necessary for the governments to ensure their security as an agent of defense. Therefore, in the caravanserais of this region, maintaining less security has been entrusted to the body of architecture. The results generally show that the variety of active defense and passive defense factors in caravanserais depends on the geographical location, the importance of the routes, and the architectural form of the caravanserais.

A Study of Geometry in Islamic Architecture by Professor Golroo Najibaaghlou is a valuable work in the field of Islamic architecture. This book has a detailed preface, a brief introduction, and five main sections. As it is known from the introduction of the book, this book was originally written for a non-Iranian audience. The first purpose of writing this book is to try to moderate public belief about geometry and the stages of compilation and discussion in Islamic architecture. Another purpose is to correct the negative view of the geometric documentation of Islamic architecture in the West, because such a view has created a kind of reluctance to equate the works of Islamic architecture with the great works of classical Western architecture. In addition, Najibaaghlou wants to reject and respond to Western criticism that reduces Islamic architecture to the level of an unedited work. In the final chapter of the book, Najibaaghlou looks at the compiled documents of Islamic architecture from a Western perspective and highlights some of the missed points of geometric sciences, including clarifying conceptualization, recording, and transferring architectural design in the Islamic world.

Passive defense measures in architecture and urban planning can be effective in reducing the risk against a variety of natural hazards, in addition to its premiere purpose in reducing the damage of man-made threats like wars. Medical and health centers as one of the basic and vital needs in emergencies should be designed and built in such a way to meet the defined standards of security against accidents and threats and achieve the overall goals of passive defense. In emergencies, these centers should not be vulnerable at all or have the least vulnerability depending on the functional level. In fact, a safe hospital is a kind of medical shelter that makes the conditions of hospitalization and treatment possible away from external threats in times of crisis. Shahid Beheshti Medical Research and Training Center in Qom is the largest medical center in the Qom province. Because of the need to redesign this hospital according to the principles of passive defense, the relevant design requirements based on factors such as location, dispersion, camouflage, fortifications, facilities, architecture design, repairability, etc. have been studied, and based on the presented principles, appropriate solutions are provided. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data are obtained from documentary sources, libraries and field observations. Using the descriptive-analytical method, it is shown that the design of the hospital in terms of the building form, location, emergency storage, access, proximity to public spaces and parking area, is consistent with the principles of passive defense. Studies also show that the hospital does not comply with the principles of passive defense in terms of facade, safe haven, camouflage, green space design and safety indicators. We conclude that in the design and implementation processes, all the principles of passive defense for the protection of buildings of high importance should be considered.

Due to the devastating effects of the Industrial Revolution and technological advances in recent decades, the preservation of capital and natural resources, as well as the reduction of adverse effects of mechanization in all its dimensions, have received worldwide attention and led human society to the significant concept of "sustainability" in all areas, especially ecological, social, and economic macro aspects. However, the term sustainability is not limited to the three mentioned areas only in normal conditions. As human beings have lived in threat since the beginning of creation, maintaining this sustainability in times of crisis is also of particular importance. For this goal, the concept of passive defense is considered, mainly in special fields such as architecture. Because the architectural space should be to respond to function appropriately and create desirable spatial qualities in different time and location situations, it can also help strengthen the defense as an intermediary means. With this explanation, the main purpose of the present research is to achieve a pattern based on the spatial organization in the architectural design process that aims to strengthen the commonalities and moderate the divergences of sustainability strategies, with acceptable reliability, in both secure and crisis conditions to optimize the design. It should be noted that the research is of the applied kind in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. In other words, it is a qualitative content analysis that collects qualitative data from the research literature through a documentary study and infers significant components forming the main variables of the problem using descriptive coding followed by a survey of experts through the Delphi technique. Finally, analyses have been concluded through logical reasoning. Based on the results, it should be acknowledged that some factors by having influences on sustainability in secure and crisis conditions, strengthen each other and some factors weaken. Therefore, according to the type of usage of buildings and other significant contextual conditions, decisions should be made appropriately and solutions should be adopted in the spatial organization that leads to strengthening the convergence of agreed factors and moderating the confrontation of divergent factors.

A B S T R A C T Considering the location of vital centers in the heart of the cities, they are more affected by unexpected events. Hence, due to the probability of the loss of existing services and devastating effects on the social organization and the necessity to prepare essential needs of people and military agencies, planning and building the storage for essential items as a replacement for the damaged services are considered a critical factor in social and defensive reliability. This research tries to locate stockpile of essential Items in Mashhad by emphasizing passive defense criteria and analyzing stockpiles of essential items in terms of form communicational structure. The type of research is applied, and the research method is in theoretical discussion and formulation of mental models, descriptive-analytical and information-gathering methods, documents, questionnaires, and interviews. Moreover, the information analysis method is with the IHWP model in GIS software in the locating section. In the section on examining architectural patterns and forms is content analysis. The research results show that 20.61 percent of Mashhad has an optimal location potential, and 0.94 percent of city also has a favorable potential for location. Also, parts of the north-east and south of the city have the priority for location. The types of spatial organization of the rectangular form, including centralized, four-armed, introverted, and diagonal, were investigated in the architecture department. The centralized form is preferable to other forms for its capacity and access to exits and spatial organization Extended Abstract Introduction As a stockpile of essential items to facilitate the process of activities and to achieve goals, the warehouse plays a vital role in creating this flexibility in organizations. In fact, from the point of view of crisis management, the stockpile of essential items can play a significant role in the supply chain to deal with unforeseen internal or external incidents. Passive defense in the stockpile of essential items refers to measures that do not require expensive and challenging methods and solutions to protect the stockpile of essential items. Furthermore, it can help avoid the substantial expenses of monitoring the entire inventory and increasing non-conformities (such as theft, fire, non-conformity in the inventory and management inspection, fatal accidents, etc.) or reduce this amount. Choosing the form of the stockpile of essential items for essential items with a passive defense approach requires a comprehensive analysis based on defense principles such as hierarchical protection, nationwide coverage, dynamic protection, relative self-sufficiency, and minimum vulnerability. Therefore, in addition to placing this category of stockpile of essential items in Mashhad, the mentioned research also tries to establish a relationship between architectural forms and principles of defense to reduce vulnerability and improve the level of relief in times of crisis.   Methodology The current type of research is applied, and the research method is descriptive-analytical. In this research, 29 people were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews with urban and passive defense experts. The method of data analysis is quantitative and qualitative. Also, the content analysis method was used to compile and analyze the architectural forms of the stockpile of essential items of essential items compatible with the principles of passive defense. The fuzzy quantitative model IHWP was exploited in GIS software for placing the stockpile of essential items in the studied sample.   Results and discussion Locating From the overlaying of 10 indicators, distance from the fault, height of buildings, distance from gas lines, distance from high voltage power lines, road width, building density, risk of uses, distance from water transmission lines, population density, and land prone to liquefaction, location in 10 class was conducted that the first and second priority is the north-east and south of Mashhad, which has the most favorable location. In Mashhad, 17.2% of the city area has a very low score, 12.8% low score, 48.37% medium score, 20.61% high score, and 0.94% very high score regarding location desirability.   Architecture According to the previous studies on geometric forms, the suitable form for warehouse design is a simple form that does not have frequent breaks and sharp and vague points to reduce the spatial deviation. Among the geometrical shapes, square and rectangular right-cornered shapes meet the criteria of warehouse design. In the meantime, the rectangle can define joints along its length, each of which is a focal point for concentrating activities and organizing their performance. Additionally, the internal spaces in this form are reasonably defined, which results in the building's overall form being overshadowed. This also makes the surrounding accesses more targeted and focused, ultimately providing more suitable relief during times of crisis. In order to create four types of stockpiles of essential items, A (centralized), B (four arms), C (introverted), and D (polar) were designed, and the way of combining these stockpiles of essential items was expressed and analyzed separately. The research results on accesses and circulation shows that type A covers a population of over 100,000 people, which has the best performance in terms of access to exits and spatial organization and provides services in times of crisis. Therefore, type A, due to the sequence of layers, lines, and expansion on the surface, has the most functional symmetry with the body of the warehouse, and its spatial projection is limited to adapt the shell to the body. Visually, it has the least visibility from a high height. Due to its volume and formal indicators, it has a high level of homogeneity and camouflage with its surrounding environment.   Conclusion The results of placing stockpiles of essential items in Mashhad showed that the northeast and south of the city have a higher talent for establishment. According to the examination of geometric forms, the rectangular form has the most efficiency for warehouse design in the architecture area. Due to formal capabilities such as the value of lines, angles, and proportions, it has the most efficiency in terms of performance, motion circulation, and the least spatial deviation. In order to research as mentioned above, after choosing the dominant form of the rectangle, an attempt has been made to analyze the spatial organization of the rectangular form using linear, combined, decomposition, and combination methods and centripetal and radial arrangements in terms of passive defense principles. Furthermore, four different types of warehouse design were formally analyzed as patterns and representative types, which are four arms, centralized, introverted, and diagonal, each of which, in addition to functional capabilities, also covers the population's needs in crisis conditions. Finally, the concentrated type due to the extent of its successive lines and layers in close proximity to each other, the perceptibility of the surfaces of the body joints because it can be recognized from a high altitude in order not to be identified in times of crisis such as air raid, they have the highest degree of compatibility between function and form from the point of view of passive defense.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Abstract Problem statement: Gates were created in cities for protective, military, and security reasons, and until the end of the Qajar period, they were an essential element of communication in the fences, towers, and ramparts of cities. Paying attention to the creation of privacy between the inside and outside of the city required a structural and architectural structure around the city. Over time, the gate appeared as a part of the city rampart in an architectural body along with its other components and elements according to the existing needs and conditions; these instances in every period were the factors that openly and secretly influenced the architectural body of the gates. These influences are shown in the form of features and different forms according to goals, specifications, usage, etc. For this purpose, the research questions are designed as follows, what are the influencing factors in the formation of Iranian gates? How have these factors affected the architectural features and components of Iran’s gates? Research objective: The purpose of the research is to identify these influencing factors and their manifestation in the form of the architectural features and components of urban gates of Iran. Research method: This research is a type of theoretical and qualitative research that uses a descriptive-analytical method. The required data for research were obtained through library sources, documents, and field visits. Conclusion: The results of the research show that culture, society, politics, economy, function, use, and body were mutually influenced by the architectural features of the gates. The mutual and close relation of the factors on the architecture of the gate has caused the body of the architecture to be a combination of several features. Considering that there are limitations in identifying factors affecting the formation and architectural features of gates, all the factors found in the formation and body of architecture of urban gates of Iran have been shown in continuance and combination with each other.